Our society is highly dependent on vital infrastructure: the essential systems and services necessary for society to function. Think of energy supply, drinking water supply, digital communications, transportation, health care and financial services. When these infrastructures are disrupted - by cyber attacks, malfunctions or sabotage - it can lead to social disruption, economic damage or even danger to national security.

In the topic file 'Vital Infrastructure' we elaborate:

• What is meant by vital infrastructure and why these sectors enjoy special protection.
• Specific threats and vulnerabilities, with emphasis on digital dependencies and cyber risks.
• Relevant laws and regulations, such as the NIS2 Directive, the Network and Information Systems Security Act (Wbni), and the National Security Policy.
• The role of regulators such as the NCSC, Telecom Agency and sectoral CERTs.
• Practical examples of incidents and response strategies, both national and international.

We also pay attention to current developments, such as the increasing interconnectedness between physical and digital systems, the rise of smart grids and the importance of public-private partnerships for strengthening resilience.