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Nieuw toetsingskader tegen discriminatie door risicoprofilering - PONT Data&Privacy

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Nieuw toetsingskader tegen discriminatie door risicoprofilering

Instanties die risicoprofilering gebruiken moeten meer doen om discriminatie op grond van ras en nationaliteit te voorkomen. Met die boodschap publiceert het College voor de Rechten van de Mens een nieuw Toetsingskader risicoprofilering. Overheidsinstanties, zoals de Belastingdienst en DUO maar ook private bedrijven zoals banken, zijn de laatste decennia steeds meer gebruik gaan maken van risicoprofilering. Risicoprofilering geeft echter grote risico’s op discriminatie. Het nieuwe Toetsingskader helpt instanties om deze discriminatie te voorkomen.

College voor de Rechten van de Mens 5 February 2025

Nieuws-persbericht

Nieuws-persbericht

Instanties gebruiken risicoprofilering om gericht te controleren op overtredingen. Maar dit soort controles mogen niet discrimineren vanwege huidskleur of etnische afkomst. Discriminatie op grond van ‘ras’ is een ernstige schending van mensenrechten. De schadelijke gevolgen van discriminerende risicoprofilering zijn groot voor burgers, maar ook voor de samenleving als geheel. Instanties moeten deze vorm van institutionele discriminatie dan ook ten alle tijden voorkomen. 

Op het oog neutraal

Soms is discriminatie door risicoprofilering duidelijk. Huidskleur of etnische achtergrond bij selectie voor algemene controles als criterium gebruiken is verboden. Maar ook op het oog neutrale risicocriteria kunnen discrimineren. Het nieuwe toetsingskader helpt instanties om discriminatie in alle vormen te voorkomen. Zo bevat het toetsingskader beoordelingsnormen om te controleren of risicoprofielen rechtmatig zijn, en voorzorgsmaatregelen die instanties kunnen inzetten om discriminatie te voorkomen. 

Waar zitten de risico's?

Risicoprofilering bestaat in soorten en maten. Bij veel instanties, zoals de Belastingdienst, een sociale dienst van een gemeente, of bij banken en verzekeraars wordt op basis van dossierkenmerken ingeschat waar mogelijk frauderisico’s zitten. Bij live controles door bijvoorbeeld agenten of de marechaussee worden een selectiebeslissingen vaak gebaseerd op waarneming en beoordeling in het moment. Het Toetsingskader gaat in op de specifieke discriminatierisico’s die in deze verschillende situaties bestaan, en geeft concrete en praktische instructies voor die situaties. Iedere organisatie die op algemene risico’s profileert kan en moet daarom met dit Toetsingskader aan de slag. 

Eerdere gevallen van discriminatie door risicoprofilering

De laatste jaren hebben zich verschillende gevallen voorgedaan waarin risicoprofilering leidde tot discriminatie. In 2023 heeft het gerechtshof Den Haag de Koninklijke Marechaussee (KMar) verboden om ‘ras’ mee te wegen bij het mobiele vreemdelingentoezicht. De Dienst Uitvoering Onderwijs (DUO) heeft bij controles op de uitwonendenbeurs onevenredig veel studenten met een migratieachtergrond gecontroleerd. En in 2024 stelde het College vast dat een twee klanten heeft gediscrimineerd door betalingen te blokkeren en controleren vanwege niet-Nederlands klinkende naam (ING discrimineert twee klanten vanwege niet-Nederlands klinkende naam). 

Toetsingskader als startpunt

Dit Toetsingskader wordt gepubliceerd in twee varianten: een verkorte gebruiksversie, die een praktisch overzicht biedt, en een integrale versie, die meer achtergrond en een uitgebreidere uitleg geeft. Aan de hand van dit Toetsingskader gaat het College de komende tijd actief in gesprek met handhavende instanties over de risico’s van risicoprofileringen het voorkomen van discriminatie. 

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