Afgelopen week heeft de Commissie onderzoeken naar niet-naleving onder de Digital Markets Act (DMA) geopend naar de regels van Alphabet over sturing in Google Play en zelfbevoordeling op Google Zoeken, de regels van Apple over sturing in de App Store en het keuzescherm voor Safari, en Meta’s 'pay or okay model.' De Commissie vermoedt dat de door deze poortwachters ingevoerde maatregelen niet voldoen aan een effectieve naleving van hun verplichtingen onder de DMA. Daarnaast heeft de Commissie onderzoekstappen ondernomen met betrekking tot de nieuwe kostenstructuur van Apple voor alternatieve app-winkels en de rangschikkingspraktijken van Amazon op zijn marktplaats. Ten slotte heeft de Commissie poortwachters opgedragen bepaalde documenten te bewaren om de effectieve implementatie en naleving van hun verplichtingen te monitoren. Het artikel gaat verder in het Engels.
The Commission has opened proceedings to assess whether the measures implemented by Alphabet and Apple in relation to their obligations pertaining to app stores are in breach of the DMA. Article 5(4) of the DMA requires gatekeepers to allow app developers to “steer” consumers to offers outside the gatekeepers' app stores, free of charge.
The Commission is concerned that Alphabet's and Apple's measures may not be fully compliant as they impose various restrictions and limitations. These constrain, among other things, developers' ability to freely communicate and promote offers and directly conclude contracts, including by imposing various charges.
The Commission has opened proceedings against Alphabet, to determine whether Alphabet's display of Google search results may lead to self-preferencing in relation to Google's vertical search services (e.g., Google Shopping; Google Flights; Google Hotels) over similar rival services.
The Commission is concerned that Alphabet's measures implemented to comply with the DMA may not ensure that third-party services featuring on Google's search results page are treated in a fair and non-discriminatory manner in comparison with Alphabet's own services, as required by Article 6(5) of the DMA.
The Commission has opened proceedings against Apple regarding their measures to comply with obligations to (i) enable end users to easily uninstall any software applications on iOS, (ii) easily change default settings on iOS and (iii) prompt users with choice screens which must effectively and easily allow them to select an alternative default service, such as a browser or search engine on their iPhones.
The Commission is concerned that Apple's measures, including the design of the web browser choice screen, may be preventing users from truly exercising their choice of services within the Apple ecosystem, in contravention of Article 6(3) of the DMA.
Finally, the Commission has opened proceedings against Meta to investigate whether the recently introduced “pay or consent” model for users in the EU complies with Article 5(2) of the DMA which requires gatekeepers to obtain consent from users when they intend to combine or cross-use their personal data across different core platform services.
The Commission is concerned that the binary choice imposed by Meta's “pay or consent” model may not provide a real alternative in case users do not consent, thereby not achieving the objective of preventing the accumulation of personal data by gatekeepers.
The Commission is also taking other investigatory steps to gather facts and information to clarify whether:
Amazon may be preferencing its own brand products on the Amazon Store in contravention of Article 6(5) of the DMA, and
Apple's new fee structure and other terms and conditions for alternative app stores and distribution of apps from the web (sideloading) may be defeating the purpose of its obligations under Article 6(4) of the DMA.
The Commission has also adopted five retention orders addressed to Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft, asking them to retain documents which might be used to assess their compliance with the DMA obligations, so as to preserve available evidence and ensure effective enforcement.
Finally, the Commission has granted Meta an extension of 6 months to comply with the interoperability obligation (Article 7 DMA) for Facebook Messenger. The decision is based on a specific provision in Article 7(3)DMA and follows a reasoned request submitted by Meta. Facebook Messenger remains subject to all other DMA obligations.
The Commission intends to conclude the proceedings opened today within 12 months. If warranted following the investigation, the Commission will inform the concerned gatekeepers of its preliminary findings and explain the measures it is considering taking or the gatekeeper should take in order to effectively address the Commission's concerns.
In case of an infringement, the Commission can impose fines up to 10% of the company's total worldwide turnover. Such fines can go up to 20% in case of repeated infringement. Moreover, in case of systematic infringements, the Commission may also adopt additional remedies such as obliging a gatekeeper to sell a business or parts of it, or banning the gatekeeper from acquisitions of additional services related to the systemic non-compliance.
The DMA aims to ensure contestable and fair markets in the digital sector. It regulates gatekeepers, which are large digital platforms that provide an important gateway between business users and consumers, whose position can grant them the power to create a bottleneck in the digital economy.
Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta and Microsoft, the six gatekeepers designated (1) by the Commission in September 2023, had to fully comply with all DMA obligations by 7 March 2024 (2). The Commission has assessed the compliance reports (3) setting out gatekeepers' compliance measures, and gathered feedback from stakeholders, including in the context of workshops (4).
Today's formal non-compliance proceedings against Alphabet, Apple and Meta have been opened pursuant to Article 20 DMA in conjunction with Articles 13 and 29 DMA for breach of Articles 5(2), 5(4), 6(3) and 6(5) DMA respectively.
(1) https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_4328
(2) https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_24_1342
(3) https://digital-markets-act-cases.ec.europa.eu/reports/compliance-reports
(4) https://digital-markets-act.ec.europa.eu/events/workshops_en
